Cloud Gate, a public The term public art properly refers to works of art in any media that has been planned and executed with the specific intention of being sited or staged in the physical public domain, usually outside and accessible to all. The term is especially significant within the art world, amongst curators, commissioning bodies and practitioners of public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor CBE RA is an Indian sculptor. Born in Bombay (Mumbai), Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s where he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art and Design, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park Millennium Park is a public park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a prominent civic center of the city's Lake Michigan lakefront. Completed in 2004, it covers a 24.5-acre section of northern Grant Park, previously occupied by Illinois Central railyards and parking lots. The within the Loop The Loop or The Chicago Loop are the terms used to designate the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago. It is also the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theatre and shopping district . Chicago's central business district is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake community area Community areas of Chicago refers to the work of the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago which has unoffically divided the City of Chicago into seventy-seven community areas. These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning of Chicago Chicago ( /ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in both Illinois and the Midwest, and the third most populous city in the United States, with over 2.8 million living within the city limits. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland", is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million, Illinois United States migrant settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s; Illinois achieved statehood in 1818. The future metropolis of Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow made central, United States. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed "The Bean" because of its bean A legume in botanical writing is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few other fruit types,-like shape. Made up of 168 stainless steel In metallurgy stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof. It is also called corrosion-resistant steel or CRES when the plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It is 33 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet (10 m The metre , symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole, its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the distance travelled by light in a × 20 m × 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons The short ton is a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds . In the United States it is often called simply ton without distinguishing it from the metric ton (tonne, 1,000 kilograms) or the long ton (2,240 pounds / 1,016.0469088 kilograms); rather, the other two are specifically noted. There are, however, some U.S. applications for which unspecified (100 t The tonne or metric ton (U.S.), also referred to as a metric tonne, is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kg (2,204.62262 lb) or approximately the mass of one cubic metre of water at four degrees Celsius. It is sometimes abbreviated as mt in the United States, but this conflicts with other SI symbols. The tonne is not a unit in the International System; 98 long tons Long ton is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries. It has been mostly replaced by the tonne, and in the United States by the short ton. It is equal to 2,240 pounds (1,016.0469088 kg) or 35 cubic feet (0.9910896307).

Kapoor's design was inspired by liquid mercury Mercury , also quicksilver (/ˈkwɪksɪlvər/) or hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑrdʒɨrəm/ hye-DRAR-ji-rəm), is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from "hydr-" meaning watery or runny and "argyros" meaning silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six chemical and the sculpture's surface reflects and distorts the city's skyline. Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12-foot (3.7 m) high arch. On the underside is the "omphalos" (Greek for "navel"), a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections. The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor's artistic themes In the visual arts, a theme is a broad idea or a message conveyed by work done in a visual experience, such as a performance, a painting, or a motion picture. This message is usually about [life], [society] or [human nature]. Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a work. Themes are usually implied rather than explicitly, and is popular with tourists as a photo-taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties.

The sculpture was selected during a design competition. After Kapoor's design was chosen, numerous technological concerns regarding the design's construction and assembly arose, in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture's upkeep and maintenance. Various experts were consulted, some of whom believed the design could not be implemented. Eventually, a feasible method was found, but the sculpture's construction fell behind schedule. It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004, before being concealed again while it was completed. Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15, 2006, and has since gained considerable popularity, both domestically and internationally.

Contents

Design

McDonald's Cycle Center BP Pedestrian Bridge BP Pedestrian Bridge Columbus Drive Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion SW Exelon Pavilion SW Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden Nichols Bridgeway Nichols Bridgeway Chase Promenade North Chase Promenade Central Chase Promenade South AT&T Plaza Boeing Gallery North Boeing Gallery South Cloud Gate Wrigley Square McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Crown Fountain Michigan Avenue Randolph Street Image map In HTML and XHTML , an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to various destinations . For example, a map of the world may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. The intention of an image map is to provide an easy way of linking various of Millennium Park. (Each feature or label is linked An internal link is a hyperlink that is a reference or navigation element in a document to another section of the same document or to another document that may be on or part of the same website or domain of the internet.)

Lying between Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one located entirely within the United States. Geologically, it is a large bay of Lake Michigan-Huron. By itself, it is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third largest by surface area, behind Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It is bounded, from west to to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park Grant Park is a large park (319 acres or 1.29 km²) in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The park's most notable features are Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain and the Art Institute of Chicago. Grant Park is frequently referred to as the city's front yard. It is bordered on the north by Randolph Street, on the south has been Chicago's front yard since the mid 19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute The Art Institute of Chicago is an encyclopedic fine art museum located in Chicago, Illinois's Grant Park. The Art Institute has one of the world's most notable collections of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art in its permanent collection. Its diverse holdings also include significant Old Master works, American art, European and American, east of Michigan Avenue Michigan Avenue is a major north-south street in Chicago which runs at 100 east south of the Chicago River and at 132 East north of the river from 12628 south to 950 north in the Chicago street address system.. As the home of the Chicago Water Tower, the Art Institute of Chicago, Millennium Park, and the Magnificent Mile, it is a street well known, south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central The Illinois Central Railroad , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, was a railroad in the central United States, with its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with New Orleans, Louisiana and Birmingham, Alabama. A line also connected Chicago with Sioux City, Iowa (1870). There was a significant branch to Omaha, Nebraska (1899) rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park Millennium Park is a public park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a prominent civic center of the city's Lake Michigan lakefront. Completed in 2004, it covers a 24.5-acre section of northern Grant Park, previously occupied by Illinois Central railyards and parking lots. The.[2] For 2007, the park was Chicago's second largest tourist attraction, trailing only Navy Pier Navy Pier is a 3,300-foot long pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The pier was built in 1916 at a cost of $4.5 million, equivalent to $89.7 million today. It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham.[3]

In 1999, Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors A museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions, education, research, etc. This differentiates it from an archive or library, where the contents may be more paper-based, replaceable and less exhibition oriented. A museum normally has a collecting policy for new acquisitions,, curators Traditionally, a curator or keeper of a cultural heritage institution is a content specialist responsible for an institution's collections. The object of a traditional curator's concern necessarily involves tangible objects of some sort, whether it be inter alia artwork, collectibles, historic items or scientific collections. More recently, new and architects An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings, and is licensed to practice architecture. To practice architecture means to offer or render services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals. American artist Jeff Koons Jeff Koons is an American artist known for his giant reproductions of banal objects such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces, often brightly colored. Koons' work has sold for substantial sums including at least one world record auction price for a work by a living artist. Critics are sharply divided in their submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150-foot (46 m) sculpture of a playground slide Playground slides are found in parks, schools, playgrounds and backyards. The slide may be flat, or half cylindrical or tubular to prevent falls. Slides are usually constructed of plastic or metal and they have a smooth surface that is either straight or wavy. The user, typically a child, climbs to the top of the slide via a ladder or stairs and;[4][5] his glass and steel design featured an observation deck An observation deck is an elevated sightseeing platform usually situated upon a tall architectural structure such as an observation tower. Fitted with railings or fencing for safety, observation decks are sometimes enclosed from weather, as many skyscraper decks, and may include coin operated telescopes for viewing distant features 90 feet (27 m) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator.[6] The committee chose the second design by internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor CBE RA is an Indian sculptor. Born in Bombay (Mumbai), Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s where he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art and Design. Measuring 33 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet (10 m × 20 m × 13 m) and weighing 110 short tons The short ton is a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds . In the United States it is often called simply ton without distinguishing it from the metric ton (tonne, 1,000 kilograms) or the long ton (2,240 pounds / 1,016.0469088 kilograms); rather, the other two are specifically noted. There are, however, some U.S. applications for which unspecified (100 t The tonne or metric ton (U.S.), also referred to as a metric tonne, is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kg (2,204.62262 lb) or approximately the mass of one cubic metre of water at four degrees Celsius. It is sometimes abbreviated as mt in the United States, but this conflicts with other SI symbols. The tonne is not a unit in the International System; 98 long tons Long ton is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries. It has been mostly replaced by the tonne, and in the United States by the short ton. It is equal to 2,240 pounds (1,016.0469088 kg) or 35 cubic feet (0.9910896307), the proposal featured a seamless, stainless steel In metallurgy stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof. It is also called corrosion-resistant steel or CRES when the surface inspired by liquid mercury Mercury , also quicksilver (/ˈkwɪksɪlvər/) or hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑrdʒɨrəm/ hye-DRAR-ji-rəm), is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from "hydr-" meaning watery or runny and "argyros" meaning silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six chemical.[7] This mirror-like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline, but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image.[8] As visitors walk around the structure, its surface acts like a fun-house mirror A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflective surface, which may be either convex or concave (bulging inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere,[citation needed] but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices as it distorts their reflections.[9]

On the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos An omphalos is an ancient religious stone artifact, or baetylus. In Greek, the word omphalos means "navel" . According to the ancient Greeks, Zeus sent out two eagles to fly across the world to meet at its center, the "navel" of the world. Omphalos stones used to denote this point were erected in several areas surrounding the, an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it.[10] The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet (8.2 m) above the ground. The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos, and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure.[11] During the grand opening week in July 2004, press reports described the omphalos as the "spoon-like underbelly".[12][13] The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned as the centerpiece of the Lurie Garden at the southeast corner of the park. However, Park officials believed the piece was too large for the Lurie Garden and decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza, despite Kapoor's objections.[14] Skyscrapers A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no official definition or height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper. Most cities define the term empirically; even a building of 80 meters may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes above its built environment and changes the overall skyline.[ to the north along East Randolph Street, including The Heritage, the Smurfit-Stone Building, Two Prudential Plaza Two Prudential Plaza is a skyscraper that was built in the Chicago Loop area of Chicago, Illinois, United States in 1990. At 995 feet tall, it is currently the fifth-tallest building in Chicago and the eleventh tallest in the United States. The building was designed by the firm Loebl, Schlossman & Hackl, with Stephen T. Wright as the principal, One Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center The Aon Center is a modern skyscraper in Chicago designed by architect firms Edward Durell Stone and The Perkins and Will partnership, and completed in 1973 as the Standard Oil Building. With 83 floors and a height of 1,136 feet (346 m), it is the third tallest building in Chicago, surpassed in height by the Willis Tower (Sears) and the Trump are visible, reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture.

Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor CBE RA is an Indian sculptor. Born in Bombay (Mumbai), Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s where he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art and Design's design proposal was chosen over works by 30 different artists.

Although Kapoor does not draw with computers, computer modeling was essential to the process of analyzing the complex form,[15] which created numerous issues. Being outside, concerns arose that it might retain and conduct heat in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one's tongue might stick to it during the winter. The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure. Graffiti Graffiti is the name for images or lettering scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any manner on property. Graffiti is any type of public markings that may appear in the forms of simple written words to elaborate wall paintings. Graffiti has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. In, bird droppings and fingerprints A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar , digits (fingers and toes), or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are were also potential problems, as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface.[5][16] The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell, a feat architect Norman Foster Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM, FRIBA, FCSD, RDI is a British architect whose company maintains an international design practice. He is Britain's most prolific builder of landmark office buildings. In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category once believed to be nearly impossible.[16]

While the sculpture was being constructed, public and media outlets nicknamed it "The Bean" because of its leguminous shape, a name that Kapoor described as "completely stupid".[14] Months later, Kapoor officially named the piece "Cloud Gate".[17] Critical reviews describe the sculpture as a passage between realms.[18] Three-quarters of the sculpture's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer.[19] The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as "Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza".[20] It is Kapoor's first public outdoor work in the United States,[20] and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times The Financial Times is a British international business newspaper. It is a morning daily newspaper published in the Borough of Southwark, London and printed at 22 sites. Its primary rival is New York City-based The Wall Street Journal.[21]

Construction and maintenance

The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected at AT&T Plaza.

The British engineering firm Atelier One and freelance engineer Chris Hornzee-Jones (who later went on to form the engineering firm Aerotrope in 2005) provided the sculpture's structural design,[22][23] and Performance Structures, Inc. (PSI) was chosen to fabricate Fabrication, when used as an industrial term, applies to the building of machines, structures and other equipment, by cutting, shaping and assembling components made from raw materials. Small businesses that specialize in metal are called fab shops it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to.[4] The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature. A high-density polyurethane A polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane (carbamate) links. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization by reacting a monomer containing at least two isocyanate functional groups with another monomer containing at least two hydroxyl (alcohol) groups in the presence of a foam model was selected by Kapoor, which was then used to design the final structure, including the interior structural components.[24] Initially, PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland, California Oakland is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of California and a major West Coast port city, located on San Francisco Bay about eight miles (13 km) east of the city of San Francisco. Oakland is a major hub city for the Bay Area subregion collectively called the East Bay, and it is the county seat of Alameda County. Based on United States, and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway. However, this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky, so the decision was made to transport the individual panels by truck and to assemble the structure on-site, a task undertaken by MTH Industries.[4][24][25]

The sculpture's weight raised concerns. Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult.[26] Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons (54 t; 54 long tons) when completed.[27] However, the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons). This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture's supporting structures. The roof of the Park Grill, upon which Cloud Gate sits, had to be built strong enough to bear the weight. The large retaining wall separating Chicago's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant. This wall, along with the rest of the garage's foundation, required additional bracing before the piece was erected.[26] Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture's interior structure by tie rods.[24]

Inside Cloud Gate's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing. The first structural pieces, two type 304 stainless steel rings, were put into place in February 2004. As construction continued, crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings.[28] The trusses and supporting structures were only present for the construction phases. The finished sculpture has no inner bracing.[29] The supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded, and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell. The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate. As a result, the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of each other, allowing the shell to move independently of the rings.[24]

The omphalos before its welds were polished

When Cloud Gate's interior components were completed, construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels, each 3⁄8 inches (10 mm) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds (450 to 910 kg).[30] They were fabricated using three-dimensional modeling software.[24] Computers and robots were essential in the bending and shaping of the plates,[25] which was performed by English wheel and a robotic scanning device.[31] Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity. About a third of the plates, along with the entire interior structure, were fabricated in Oakland.[24] The plates were polished to 98 percent of their final state and covered with protective white film before being sent to Chicago via trucks.[32] Once in Chicago, the plates were welded together on-site, creating 2,442 linear feet (744 m) of welded seams.[30] Welders used keyhole welding machines rather than traditional welding guns.[33] The plates were fabricated so precisely that no on-site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting them into position.[30]

When construction of the shell began in June 2004, a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view.[34] Construction began with the omphalos, where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure, from the inside (underside) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces.[32] This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete.[35]

The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15, 2004, although it was unpolished and thus unfinished, because its assembly had fallen behind schedule. The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening, although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state.[36] The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24, but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months. The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24-person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate.[30][37] In order to grind, sand and polish the seams, six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture, while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder-to-reach areas.[30] When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed, the tent was once again removed in August 2005. On October 3, the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section.[38] Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five-stage process, required to produce the sculpture's mirror-like finish.[30]

Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose
1 Rough Cut 5-pound (2.3 kg), 4½-inch (110 mm) electric grinder 40-grit Removed welded seams
2 Initial Contour 15-pound (6.8 kg), 2-inch (51 mm), air-driven belt sander 80-grit, 100-grit and 120-grit Shaped the weld contours
3 Sculpting air-driven 10-pound (4.5 kg), 1-inch (25 mm) belt sander 80-grit, 120-grit, 240-grit and 400-grit Smoothed the weld contours
4 Refining double action sander 400-grit, 600-grit and 800-grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the Sculpting stage
5 Polishing 10-inch (250 mm) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror-like finish

The sculpture was finally completed on August 28, 2005, and officially unveiled on May 15, 2006.[39][40] The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004,[41] with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006.[5] No public funds were involved; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations.[5]

Kapoor's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years.[42] The lower 6 feet (1.8 m) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand, while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons (33 imp gal; 150 L) of liquid detergent. The daily cleanings use a Windex-like solution, while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide.[43] In addition to the scheduled cleanings, the work endures periodic vandalism, including a notable February 2009 incident during which two names were etched in letters about 1 inch (25 mm) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture. The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing.[44]

Reception

A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005.

Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture's dedication, May 15, 2006, to be "Cloud Gate Day". Kapoor attended the celebration, while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played "Fanfare for Cloud Gate", which Davis composed.[45] The public took an instant liking to the sculpture, affectionately referring to it as "The Bean".[46] Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art,[9][47] and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards, sweatshirts and posters.[48] The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals, as well as tourists and art aficionados from around the world.[49] The sculpture is the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States.[50]

Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity, and more of a destination than a work of art.[9]The New York Times writes that it is both a "tourist magnet" and an "extraordinary art object",[49][51] while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work.[52] Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world.[45] The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate, MTH Industries and PSI with the group's Extraordinary Welding Award.[53] Time named Millennium Park one the ten best architectural achievements of 2004, citing Cloud Gate as one of the park's major attractions.[54] The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films, notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break-Up, which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming.[55]

"What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in, with those very tall buildings reflected in the work. And then, since it is in the form of a gate, the participant, the viewer, will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does, in a way, the same thing to one's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around."

—Anish Kapoor[20]

When the park first opened in 2004, Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student, working on a photography project in Millennium Park, and his film confiscated because of fears of terrorism.[56] In 2005, the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece.[57] As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law, the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture. This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate, but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago (which has licensed the art) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs. The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs. These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers, $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers. The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large-scale film, video and photography requiring ten-man crews and equipment.[58]

In addition to restricting photography of public art, closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial. In 2005 and 2006, almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events. On both occasions, as one of the park's primary attractions, Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy. On September 8, 2005, Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.[59][60] On August 7, 2006, Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park. For this price, Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m.[61] These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor's public sculpture, and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternative routes. City officials stated that the money would help to finance free public programs in Millennium Park.[59]

Artistic themes

Relevant Kapoor themes

"I hope what I have done is make a serious work, which deals with serious questions about form, public space and an object in space. You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest, but that is not what I set out to do, although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this."

—Anish Kapoor[42]

Anish Kapoor has a reputation for creating spectacles in urban settings by producing works of extreme size and scale.[21] Before creating Cloud Gate, Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own. In so doing, he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless.[62] Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate, in particular the designing of Sky Mirror (2001), a 20-foot (6.1 m) 10-short-ton (9 t; 9-long-ton) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale.[62]

Kapoor's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual, an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces, or more recently, through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects.[46] This Indian artist's works have no fixed identity, but rather occupy an illusionary space that is consistent with eastern theologies shared by Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism, as well as Albert Einstein's views of a non-three-dimensional world.[18] Kapoor explores the theme of ambiguity with his works that place the viewer in a state of "in-betweenness".[63] The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity–emptiness or reality–reflection, which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh–spirit, the here–the beyond, east–west, sky–earth, etc. that create the conflict between internal and external, superficial and subterranean, and conscious and unconscious.[64] Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly.[64][65]

Cloud Gate themes

Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication, or what he refers to as "traces of the hand".[46][18] He aspires to make his works look like they have independent realities that he reveals rather than creates.[18] For him, removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was "perfect" and ready-made. These effects increase the viewer's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from.[47] His attempts to hide his works' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry's architectural designs in the park, Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge, which display their seams prominently.[17]

A boy and his distorted reflection at Cloud Gate

Cloud Gate is described as a transformative, iconic work.[66] It is similar to many of Kapoor's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses. While the sculpture's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun-house fairground mirrors, they also have a more serious intent; they help dematerialize this very large object, making it seem light and almost weightless.[9][67] Cloud Gate is considered Kapoor's most ambitious use of complex mirrored form dynamics.[68] Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise. By reflecting the sky, visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture, Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time. The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension.[63] The sculpture is described as a disembodied, luminous form,[63] which is also how his earlier 1000 Names (1979–80) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical.[64]

The viewer physically enters the art when he walks underneath it into its "navel". The omphalos is a "warped dimension of fluid space". In this dimension, solid is transformed into fluid in a disorienting multiplicative manner that intensifies the experience. It is emblematic of Kapoor's work to deconstruct empirical space and venture into manifold possibilities of abstract space.[68] The experience is described as a displaced or virtual depth that is composed of multiplied surfaces.[69]

According to project manager Lou Cerny of MTH Industries, "When the light is right, you can't see where the sculpture ends and the sky begins."[70] The sculpture challenges perception by distorting and deforming the surrounding architecture.[71] The skyscrapers along East Randolph Street to the northeast (Two Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center), north (One Prudential Plaza) and northwest (The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building) are reflected on Cloud Gate's surface when viewed from either the east or the west. The sculpture also warps viewers' perception of time by changing the speed of movements such as the passing of clouds.[71]

Although in the conventional sense Cloud Gate is not an opening that leads anywhere in the same way that monumental gates do, it frames a view and is celebratory in the way it creates a ceremonial place. The work is credited with achieving a new level or understanding described as a transubstantiation of material, reminiscent of that which the artist experienced during a 1979 trip to India. Kapoor's 1000 Names evolved immediately after this trip; twenty-five years later he created Cloud Gate, an object that emerged from material forms to become immaterial.[18]

Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art, and says that "The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness."[18] Primal dualities that are one, such as the lingam and yoni, are important to Indian culture, and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles.[18] Thus, it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine.

Notes

  1. ^ In the image, Cloud Gate is seen from the east, reflecting the skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street (The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building, Two Prudential Plaza, One Prudential Plaza, and Aon Center).
  2. ^ Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006). "Millennium Park". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/books/chapters/0806-1st-gilf.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  3. ^ "Crain's List Largest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2007 attendance". Crain's Chicago Business (Crain Communications Inc.): p. 22. June 23, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Schulze, Franz. "Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park: the city's new greensward features Frank Gehny's latest, plus "interactive" sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor". Art in America. Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20070222105544/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_10_92/ai_n7576767. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (May 16, 2006). "Bean's gleam has creator beaming – Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of `Cloud Gate' at Monday's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=111A6B0D317F3ED5&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  6. ^ Artner, Alan G. (April 25, 2004). "Arts & Entertainment". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1022E4CA495BDBAC&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
  7. ^ Sharoff, p. 61
  8. ^ Daniel, Caroline and Jeremy Grant (September 10, 2005). "Classical city soars above Capone clichés". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/63ad44b2-2196-11da-a603-00000e2511c8.html. Retrieved July 31, 2008. (registration required for entire article)
  9. ^ a b c d Lacayo, Richard (June 5, 2008). "Anish Kapoor: Past, Present, Future". Time (Time Inc.). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812056,00.html. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  10. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 203
  11. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 261
  12. ^ "News". Journal Gazette (Mattoon, IL). Newsbank. July 17, 2004. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:MJGB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C2CB9D5620505A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
  13. ^ "Bean, fountain highlight park opening". The Southern Illinoisan. Newsbank. July 17, 2004. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:SILB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103E5952C0DDA995&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
  14. ^ a b Nance, Kevin (July 14, 2004). "The Bean's bone of contention". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103FDA0192638D83&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  15. ^ Baume, p. 53
  16. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 202.
  17. ^ a b Bernstein, Fred A. (July 18, 2004). "Art/Architecture; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E2D61F3BF93BA25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Baume, pp. 123–132
  19. ^ Gilfoyle, pp. 263–4
  20. ^ a b c "Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza". Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/cloud_gate.html. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
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  26. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 165.
  27. ^ Gilfoyle, p. 402.
  28. ^ "Making Metal Gleam". USGlass 42 (4). April 2007. http://www.usglassmag.com/USGlass/2007/April/AGGmetalgleam.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
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  30. ^ a b c d e f Nunn, Emily (August 24, 2005). "Making it shine". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/chi-0508240314aug24,0,1725342.story. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
  31. ^ Sharoff, p. 56
  32. ^ a b Gilfoyle, p. 204.
  33. ^ Sharoff, p. 61
  34. ^ Becker, Lynn. "A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago's Millennium Park". Repeat. http://www.lynnbecker.com/repeat/Gehry/kapoor.htm. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
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  36. ^ "Cloud Gate". Chicago Architecture Info. http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/636/Cloud_Gate.php. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  37. ^ "A place to reflect in Chicago". Los Angeles Times. January 2, 2005. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/la-tr-shot2jan02,0,2354484.story. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  38. ^ Ryan, Karen (August 18, 2005). "Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday, August 28" (PDF). Millennium Park. http://www.millenniumpark.org/newsandmedia/documents/CloudGateUntenting.pdf. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  39. ^ Yates, Jon (July 15, 2004). "Chicago finds 'bean' meets taste test – Sculpture reflects positively on city". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103D96FE284AF1E1&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
  40. ^ "The Bean Unveiled". Chicago Tonight. May 15, 2006.
  41. ^ Ford, Liam (July 11, 2004). "City to finally open its new front yard – Millennium Park's price tag tripled". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103C4591DFB74CF8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  42. ^ a b Daniel, Caroline (July 20, 2004). "How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride". The Financial Times (The Financial Times Ltd). (registration required for entire article)
  43. ^ Bange, Jackie (August 18, 2005). "Clean the Bean". WGN-TV. http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/wgntv-news-060607bean,0,4457515.story. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  44. ^ Artner, Alan G. and Rex W. Huppke (February 4, 2009). "Someone scratched the Bean's surface – Authorities say vandalism rare, and this instance is easy to fix". Chicago Tribune. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12626166489887F0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  45. ^ a b Lifson, Edward (June 15, 2006). "Cloud Gate Day". Chicago Public Radio. http://audio.wbez.org/848/2006/05/848_20060515b.mp3. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
  46. ^ a b c Kennedy, Randy (August 20, 2006). "A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/arts/design/20kenn.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  47. ^ a b Smith, Roberta (May 30, 2008). "Sculptor as Magician". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/30/arts/design/30kapo.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
  48. ^ King, John (July 30, 2006). "Chicago's architectural razzmatazz: New or old, skyscrapers reflect city's brash and playful character". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications Inc.. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2006/07/30/TRGPUK5SDH1.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  49. ^ a b Kennedy, Randy (May 25, 2008). "The Week Ahead: May 25–31". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/arts/25weekahead.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  50. ^ Lacayo, Richard (February 27, 2007). "Thinking Way Out of the Box". Time (Time Inc.). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1594123,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  51. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004). "Letter From Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806EED71E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
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References

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Categories: Millennium Park | Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium | Contemporary art | Outdoor sculptures in Chicago, Illinois | 2006 works | Anish Kapoor sculptures | Places with restrictions on photography | Steel sculptures

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